Behavior of the F₂ peak ionosphere over the South Pacific at dusk during quiet summer conditions from COSMIC data

These observations have been used in this study to develop global-scale climate maps of Nm F₂ and hm f₂ during the southern (northern) summer (winter). Enhanced electron densities that appear to be associated with the southern, equatorial (Appleton) anomaly are displaced far southward at dusk and, within about an hour, form the Weddell Sea anomaly.

Coincidentally, the height of the F₂ peak increases on the northern boundary of this anomaly. This height increase is also displaced southward as the enhanced electron densities are displaced southward, suggesting that the electron density increases are associated with the F₂ peak rising. As well as being an interesting phenomenon in its own right, this behavior may shed new light on the formation of the Weddell Sea anomaly.