Table · dataset · 2026
Scaling K2. VIII. Sub-Neptunes & M dwarfs
Listed in IVOA Registry (Virtual Observatory)
We uniformly combined data from the NASA Kepler and K2 missions to compute planet occurrence rates across the entire FGK and M-dwarf stellar range.
Description
The K2 mission, driven by targets selected by guest observers, monitored nine times more M dwarfs than the Kepler mission. Combined, Kepler and K2 observed 130 short-period (P=1-40days) Earth to Neptune-sized candidate planets orbiting M dwarfs.
K2 observed 3.5 times more of these planets than Kepler for host stars below 3700K. Our planet occurrence rates show that short-period sub-Neptunes peak at 3750_-97_^+153^K and drop for cooler M dwarfs. A peak near this location was predicted by pebble accretion planet formation models and confirmed here by observations for the first time.
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Super-Earths continue to increase in occurrence toward cooler stars and show no clear evidence of a peak in the host star range considered here (3200-6900K). Our observations provide critical input to further refine planet formation models. We strongly recommend further study of mid-to-late M dwarfs with TESS and soon the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope and PLATO to identify additional small planet trends.
Links
Where it is published
- Reference page cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/AJ/170/183 ↗
landing page · from IVOA Registry
Documentation and papers
- ADS 2025AJ....170..183H ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025AJ....170..183H ↗
publication · from IVOA Registry
Catalogue records · 2
- VOResource record dc.g-vo.org/oai.xml?verb=GetRecord&metadataPrefix=ivo_vor&identifier=ivo%3… ↗
metadata API · from IVOA Registry
- Registry record (GAVO) dc.g-vo.org/I/cds.vizier/j/aj/170/183 ↗
catalogue entry · from IVOA Registry
Topics
- From keywords
- Astronomy & Astrophysics
- Inferred from text
- Stellar astronomy and planetary systems 79%
Provenance · 1 source records, 10 field assertions
| Source | Key | Last seen | Raw |
|---|---|---|---|
| IVOA Registry (Virtual Observatory) | ivo://cds.vizier/j/aj/170/183 | 15 d ago | JSON v1 |
| Field | Assertion | Extractor | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| access_level | source · IVOA Registry | connector:ivoa_registry@1.0.0 | |
| concepts[field].anzsrc:field:510109 | enrichment · IVOA Registry | taxonomy-embedding@1.1.0 | title+keywords+description (79%) |
| concepts[field].local:field:astronomy | mapping · IVOA Registry | connector:ivoa_registry@1.0.0 | |
| concepts[modality].ivoa_waveband:infrared | source · IVOA Registry | connector:ivoa_registry@1.0.0 | |
| concepts[modality].ivoa_waveband:optical | source · IVOA Registry | connector:ivoa_registry@1.0.0 | |
| description | source · IVOA Registry | connector:ivoa_registry@1.0.0 | rr.resource.res_description |
| license_text | source · IVOA Registry | connector:ivoa_registry@1.0.0 | |
| publication_date | source · IVOA Registry | connector:ivoa_registry@1.0.0 | |
| title | source · IVOA Registry | connector:ivoa_registry@1.0.0 | rr.resource.res_title |
| updated_date | source · IVOA Registry | connector:ivoa_registry@1.0.0 |