Longitudinal Relationship between Internalizing and Externalizing Problems and Divergent Thinking in Late Childhood

The main experimenter conducted an offline questionnaire survey and test on fourth-grade students. After obtaining informed consent from the school and the students themselves, this study conducted a total of four offline questionnaire surveys and tests (internalizing and externalizing questions and divergent thinking).

During the final (T4) test, the Raven's Standard Intelligence Test was used to measure children's fluid intelligence. The study ultimately included 500 participants. The dataset for Study 2 was taken from a primary school in Handan City, Hebei Province, and was tested by the experimenter on students in grades 4 to 6. After obtaining informed consent from the school and the students themselves, this study conducted two offline questionnaire surveys and tests (internalization and externalization questions, fluid intelligence, and divergent thinking).