<p>Descriptive summary of the sample.</p>

Approximately 15.91% were not currently living with their husbands/partners. Women whose husbands/partners lived elsewhere had a lower likelihood of using modern contraceptives (PR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.78 - 0.81) and a lower likelihood of desiring more children (PR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94 - 0.96), but higher likelihood of reporting health autonomy (PR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.09 - 1.12). Furthermore, higher reproductive autonomy and contraceptive use were also associated with higher education levels, greater household wealth, urban residence, and employment.

These findings highlight the complex ways in which male absence influence with women’s reproductive decision-making in SSA. Strengthening women’s reproductive autonomy will require addressing underlying structural inequalities, expanding educational and economic opportunities, and promoting awareness of reproductive rights. Targeted interventions that enhance equitable access to modern contraceptives are essential to reducing disparities within and across SSA countries.</p></div>