<p>Topic coherence scores for candidate LDA models.</p>

Drawing on over 32,000 online reviews from China’s ice and snow tourism sites, the research identifies key concerns—such as infrastructure, service quality, and pricing—and reveals strong seasonal and emotional variability. A central finding is the asymmetrical impact of emotion: negative sentiments, especially regarding perceived price unfairness, have a greater influence on satisfaction than positive emotions.

The study contributes theoretically by demonstrating the dominance of emotional drivers in satisfaction formation and introducing a scalable, dynamic framework for modeling affective-cognitive interactions over time. These insights highlight the value of emotion-sensitive management strategies in cold-region tourism and offer a methodological foundation for future behavioral research in dynamic tourism contexts.</p></div>