Unravelling the immune signalling pathways in dual and triple Toll-like Receptor (TLR) agonists combination in chickens

Simultaneous activation of different TLRs results in cross-talk and can lead to either synergistic or antagonistic effects on the immune responses. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are used as immunomodulatory agents and as vaccine adjuvants in human and chickens.

Combinations of different TLR agonists are being explored to alleviate systemic toxicity and achieve long-lasting desirable immune responses. Dual (R-848/TLR7 and CpG-ODN/TLR21) and Triple (LPS/TLR4; R-848/TLR7 and CpG-ODN/TLR21) TLR agonists induced immune response in chicken were analysed through spleenic transcriptome. Our data, helps to understand the mechanistic basis and key molecules behind the dual/triple-TLR signalling in chicken, which can be tailored to achieve desired immune response and improve efficacy of therapeutic formulations.