Testing Instantaneous Causality in Presence of Nonconstant Unconditional Covariance

It is underlined that the standard test does not control the Type I errors, while the tests with White and heteroscedastic autocorrelation consistent (HAC) corrections can suffer from a severe loss of power when the covariance is not constant. Consequently, we propose a modified test based on a bootstrap procedure.

We illustrate the relevance of the modified test through a simulation study. The tests considered in this article are also compared by investigating the instantaneous causality relations between U.S. macroeconomic variables.