Local Climate Zone (LCZ) Map of Xi'an, China (2024)

Cloud-free imagery from Google Earth, obtained on November 25, 2024, was used for the visual interpretation and analysis of LCZ types. Training samples were carefully selected to optimize the classification accuracy, with the following predefined criteria: each sample should cover an area of no less than 1.0 km², have a minimum length and a minimum width of 200 m each, be free of morphologically heterogeneous or irregular features, and maintain a 100-m distance from adjacent samples to minimize classification errors.

Through this rigorous selection, 8–65 samples were obtained for each LCZ type. Subsequently, a 25-fold bootstrap cross-validation was conducted to iteratively refine the training samples. This validation process ensured the stability of the classification model and ultimately led to the generation of the final 2024 LCZ map of Xi’an, which achieved an overall classification accuracy of 75%.