Research Progress in the Molecular Mechanisms of Exercise-Mediated Immunoregulation

These benefits are largely mediated through the immune system via a multi-level regulatory network. On one hand, exercise modulates immune responses through mechanisms such as mechanical stress sensing, neuroendocrine regulation, and metabolic reprogramming.

On the other hand, exerkines—such as IL-6 and irisin—released by skeletal muscle and other tissues, cooperate with the remodeled gut microbiota to form a cross-organ signaling network. These signals exert bidirectional immunomodulatory effects by guiding immune cell chemotaxis and migration, reprogramming cellular metabolic patterns, regulating key immune-related pathways, and inducing epigenetic modifications.