Consonant articulating errors in Khmer preschoolers (Linna & Zhou, 2026)

The patterns are consistent with the developmental trends of speech sound error found in English and other high-source languages.</p><p dir="ltr"><b>Conclusion: </b>These findings reveal the unique speech sound error patterns in Khmer preschool children, which may partly arise from linguistic universality during children’s language development and partly be attributed to the typological features peculiar to the Khmer language.</p><p dir="ltr"><b>Supplemental Material S1.</b> Data set and coding scheme for speech sound productions in Khmer-speaking preschool children.

The supplementary file is offered the full detail of the raw data set of speech sound productions collected from Khmer-speaking preschool children at the age of 3;0–5;11 years old, along with the coding scheme used in analysis. The data are organized in Microsoft Excel format. Each worksheet represents an individual participant and contains detailed records of that child’s production of target lexical items.

The following information is included in each worksheet:</p><p dir="ltr"><b>Participant Metadata:</b> a unique participant identifier (e.g., child 1, child 2), age group (e.g., B 3 S indicating 3-year-old children), gender (e.g., B 4 k​ for male; G 3 K for female), and geographical origin (e.g., B 4 k, Kampong Cham province; B 3 S, Siem Reap province).</p><p dir="ltr"><b>Target words:</b> intended words presented in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) transcription.</p><p dir="ltr"><b>Children’s productions</b>: phonetic transcription of each child’s actual response.</p><p dir="ltr"><b>Coding scheme:</b> numeric codes representing specific types of speech sound errors observed Khmer-speaking preschool children (e.g., 1 = Final consonant deletion, 2 = Cluster reduction).</p><p dir="ltr"><b>D</b><b>ata analysis</b><b>​</b>:​ annotated columns for analysis (e.g., Analysis of AR), facilitate systemic identification and quantification of phonological error patterns and error types across the Khmer preschool children at the age of 3;0–5;11 years old.</p><p dir="ltr">This structure data set enables detailed analysis of specific phonological error patterns and error types across participants.

This significantly supports the statistical analysis reported in the main article, sections <i>Phonological errors across the three age groups</i> and <i>Phonological error patterns and error types</i>.</p><p dir="ltr"><b>Supplemental Material S2. </b>Data set and coding system for speech sounds by Khmer-speaking preschool children. This Excel file contains all the original data from Khmer-speaking preschoolers aged 3;0–5;11, along with the coding system.

The data are in Microsoft Excel. Each worksheet is for one child and lists that child’s speech for target words. Each worksheet includes:</p><p dir="ltr"><b>Participant Metadata: </b>see Supplemental Material S1.</p><p dir="ltr"><b>Target words:</b> see Supplemental Material S1.</p><p dir="ltr"><b>Children’s productions</b>: see Supplemental Material S1.</p><p dir="ltr"><b>Coding scheme:</b> numeric codes representing specific types of speech sound errors observed Khmer-speaking preschool children (e.g., 1 = Final consonant deletion, 2 = Cluster reduction, C1 = constitution, D2 = Deletion).</p><p dir="ltr"><b>D</b><b>ata analysis</b><b>​</b>:​ Annotated columns are used to systematically identify and count speech sounds—specifically, error performances and patterns—in three age groups of Khmer-speaking preschool children.

This is done using measures such as the number of consonants, records of results, the accuracy of consonant articulating, and articulation disorders</p><p dir="ltr">This organized dataset helps analyze consonant articulating errors, including phonetic error patterns and error types across participants. This significantly supports the statistical analysis reported in​ the main article, sections <i>Methods</i>, <i>Phonological errors across the three age groups</i><i> </i>and <i>Phonological error patterns and error types in the Khmer preschool children</i>.</p><p dir="ltr"><b>Supplemental Material S3.</b> Raw speech-sound productions collected from Khmer-speaking preschool children aged 3;0-5;11, as well as the targeted words and corresponding child-specific IPA transcriptions used in the analysis, respectively.</p><p dir="ltr">Linna, M., & Zhou, T. (2026).

Consonant articulating errors in Khmer-speaking preschool children: A picture-naming task analysis. <i>Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research</i>. Advance online publication. <a href="doi.org/10.1044/2026_JSLHR-25-00756" target="_blank">doi.org/10.1044/2026_JSLHR-25-00756</a></p>