Supplementary file 1_Bilateral knee-load limiting during uneven-terrain walking induces hip-dominant load redistribution in predictive gait simulations.docx

Corresponding maxima were 4.51/4.34 BW in C4, 3.63/3.71 BW in C3, and 3.60/3.73 BW in C2. Mean stance impulse decreased from 2.14/2.00 BW·s in C0 to 1.79/1.82, 1.65/1.69, and 1.58/1.59 BW·s in C4, C3, and C2, respectively. Evaluation-window mean hip loading increased and speed decreased, whereas initial loading rate did not change monotonically.

The selected solution ranked first by objective in every condition; 5–17 of 24 runs were within 10% of the selected objective.</p>Conclusion<p>Within this model, controller, weighting scheme, and single terrain traversal, knee-load limiting was associated with slower walking, lower stance-phase knee peaks and impulses, and hip-dominant redistribution. These results are scenario-specific model behaviors rather than direct clinical predictions.</p>