Table 1_Association of smoking cessation with late-life frailty risk: the Singapore Chinese health study.docx

Objective<p>To examine whether smoking cessation, in terms of duration and age at quitting, was associated with late-life physical frailty.</p>Design<p>Prospective population-based cohort study.</p>Setting<p>Chinese living in Singapore.</p>Participants<p>We analyzed data from 4,574 men (mean baseline age 52.7 years, range 45–65 years) enrolled in the Singapore Chinese Health Study.</p>Measurements<p>Participants self-reported smoking behaviors at four time-points over a 20-year follow-up.

Physical frailty was assessed in late life (mean age 73.6 years, range 65–88 years) using a modified Cardiovascular Health Study phenotype, incorporating weakness, slowness, exhaustion and weight loss. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for association with frailty.</p>Results<p>Persistent smokers had higher odds of frailty compared to never smokers (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.01–1.76).