Conceptual Model for Port Modern: A Structural Model Evaluation Approach

The instruments used include a questionnaire for quantitative data and validation interviews with port experts possessing over 15 years of experience. Data were gathered through a literature review of port-related books and highly accredited, prestigious journals.

There hypotheses, the study utilizes Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the aid of SmartPLS. SEM-PLS serves as a flexible and effective analytical alternative for complex models involving multiple independent and dependent variables. A key advantage of PLS-SEM is its ability to simultaneously test structural and measurement models via a "two-step approach," allowing measurement errors to be addressed directly within the analysis