Data Sheet 1_Trends and disparities in infant mortality from intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia in the United States, 1999–2023.pdf

The overall CMR decreased significantly over this period. Both females and males demonstrated significant decreases in CMR, with AAPCs of -0.90* (95% CI−1.42 to−0.41) and−1.18* (95% CI -1.61 to−0.79), respectively, with male neonates consistently having a higher CMR than females. The CMR significantly decreased in all racial/ethnic groups except NH Asian or Pacific Islander infants.

The NH White group showed the greatest decrease in CMR, while the NH Black or African American group consistently had the highest CMR. The Midwest showed the largest decrease in CMR with an AAPC of −1.69* (95% CI−2.54 to−0.85). The CMR also significantly declined in both urban and rural populations, with AAPCs of −1.81* (95% CI−2.42 to−1.26) and −1.50* (95% CI−2.24 to−0.76), respectively.</p>Discussion<p>Intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia remain notable causes of neonatal mortality.

After early declines, mortality rates have plateaued and modestly increased in recent years. Persistent disparities were observed, with higher mortality among male neonates, non-Hispanic Black neonates, and those in rural and Southern regions. These findings highlight persistent inequities in neonatal care, underscoring the need for targeted, equity-focused interventions.</p>