<p>Paired t-test results.</p>

The module alleviates the gradient vanishing problem in deep neural network training, enhancing the training stability and performance of the model. In the ConvDAtt block, the CA mechanism can not only capture information across channels, but also sense direction and position sensitive information, improving the accuracy of the model’s identification of objects of interest. Secondly, the CI block is a downsampling block with convolution and pooling functions.

In the CI block, there is a complementary relationship between the pooling layer and the convolution layer, which is mainly reflected in two aspects, feature extraction and dimensionality reduction, enlargement of receptive field. Moreover, the complementary relationship can solve the problem of information loss in the process of downsampling, while also significantly reducing computational cost. Thirdly, the SPP block extracts features from different scales of the input data and integrates these features, thus enhancing the performance of the network, and enhancing the robustness of the model.

The combination of ConvDAtt block, CI block and SPP block can effectively extract the information features and discriminant features of brain tumor MRI images, which has the advantages of parameter reduction, stable training and clear structure.</p></div>