Supplementary file 1_Faith, form, and the bin: the CT-VR framework for culturally tuned recycling infrastructure in Gulf cities.docx

There is no overlap among these themes. One study employed immersive techniques to evaluate recycling infrastructure, while another used both self-reported and objective measures of presence and tracking. However, none of these studies considered Islamic environmental ethics as a variable in environmental design.

The absence of studies in these intersecting cells is a bounded observation about the retrieved corpus rather than a claim about the entire field, and it is examined through a risk-of-bias sensitivity analysis reported in the Supplementary material. Hence, this study introduced a socio-spatially defined VR framework featuring Khalifa (Stewardship) and Taharah (Purity) as modifiable design parameters, using a skin-swapping technique that alters surface treatments without changing the geometric properties or spatial location.

No behavioral data or allocation outcomes were presented. The CT-VR framework establishes a five-category typology for ULSp, posits six verifiable hypotheses concerning these spaces, and presents a replicable multi-criteria decision-making method using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-weighted criteria for site selection. A CT-VR framework was proposed for subsequent evaluation, behavioral experimentation, and testing.

As a conceptual framework awaiting empirical validation, it is proposed as a practical and affordable approach for evaluating culturally adapted recycling infrastructure prior to physical implementation, subject to the physical pilot validation stage described in the empirical research program.</p>