Table 1_Not all far-right Euroscepticism is the same: ideological opposition and modes of systemic integration in EU discourse.docx

However, radical-right parties combine criticism with sustained engagement in EU institutions and reform-oriented discourse. By contrast, extreme-right actors predominantly frame the EU as illegitimate and advocate withdrawal or rupture. These findings suggest that similar levels of ideological opposition may coexist with different modes of articulating that opposition.

The work contributes to the study of the far right by demonstrating the analytical value of distinguishing between radical and extreme-right actors when examining their relationship to the EU as a political regime. It also contributes to debates on Euroscepticism by clarifying how similar levels of ideological opposition to European integration may correspond to different modes of articulating that opposition related to systemic integration.</p>