<b>Microbial product translocation</b><b> laboratory assay and clinical cohort data</b>

A score was assigned only when all three tests had valid results. Missing or invalid component results were not coded as negative. </p><p dir="ltr">Twenty-seven soluble inflammatory mediators were measured using the Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine Standard 27-Plex kit (Group I) on a Bio-Plex 200 platform at a 1:2 dilution. TGF-β1 was measured separately by ELISA (R&D Systems Quantikine) using undiluted samples, giving a measured panel of 28 mediators: IL-1β, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, eotaxin, FGF-basic, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1/MCAF, MIP-1α, PDGF-BB, MIP-1β, RANTES, TNF-α, VEGF and TGF-β1.

These soluble inflammatory markers were summarised into three principal component scores PC1, PC2 and PC3. </p><p dir="ltr">Inpatients were followed up to ascertain vital status at 12 weeks. Early deaths were defined as deaths within 7 days of enrolment.HIV-positive outpatient controls were enrolled during routine antiretroviral clinic visits and screened for TB using symptoms, urine Xpert MTB/RIF and sputum Xpert MTB/RIF when sputum could be obtained. </p>