From Local Public Cultural Service Quality to Civic Engagement: The Roles of Place Attachment and Cultural Participation

A pilot survey conducted from September 5 to September 10, 2026 yielded 100 responses used solely for instrument assessment and excluded from the main analysis. The main online survey was conducted from September 12 to September 19, 2026 through Chiayi-based Facebook and LINE community groups, which together had approximately 8,945 members.

Of 792 returned questionnaires, 24 were excluded after screening, resulting in 768 usable responses (97.0% of returned questionnaires). Participation was voluntary, respondents were informed of the academic purpose of the study, and no personally identifying information was required. Responses were analyzed only in aggregate form.