Supplementary file 1_Inhibitory effects of propyl paraben, citral, and gallic acid on the growth, patulin biosynthesis, and patulin biosynthetic gene expression of Penicillium paneum OM1.docx

Much information is not available about inhibitory effects of food-grade natural compounds on the patulin production by P. paneum and its growth. In this study, we evaluated the effects of propyl paraben, citral, and gallic acid on patulin accumulation by P. paneum OM1 and its growth on YES (patulin supportive media).

Our results showed that its patulin production was below the detection limit due to suppression by 25 μg/mL of propyl paraben or 400 μg/mL of citral and that its growth was inhibited by 14.5% and 42.8%, respectively, at the same levels of each compound. However, gallic acid did not affect the growth of the fungal strain in the range of 100–500 μg/mL, but suppressed the patulin production by 32.9%–37.8% after 7 days of incubation at 25 °C. Additionally, we assessed the expression of 5 key patulin biosynthetic genes in P. paneum OM1 under treatment with each compound.