<p>Representative cytokine alterations identified by antibody array analysis in RCC tissues.</p>

Colored boxes indicate the locations of representative cytokines shown in panel B. (B) Quantified signal intensities of representative cytokines identified from the antibody array dataset. Bar graphs show normalized cytokine expression levels in tumor, para-cancerous, and normal kidney tissue samples.

Cytokines associated with angiogenesis and inflammatory signaling, including Angiopoietin-2, CCL4, RANTES/CCL5, and CXCL9, showed increased expression in tumor tissues, whereas IL-15, ErbB3, HGF, and FLT3LG showed decreased expression relative to control tissues. IL-2 showed a trend toward decreased expression in tumor tissues, although the difference did not reach statistical significance. Statistical significance annotations indicate comparisons among tissue groups as described in the Methods section.