Last Glacial Maximum pattern effects reduce climate sensitivity estimates

Feedbacks governing ECS depend on spatial patterns of surface temperature ("pattern effects"); hence, using the LGM to constrain future warming requires quantifying how temperature patterns produce different feedbacks during LGM cooling versus modern-day warming.

Combining data assimilation reconstructions with atmospheric models, we show that the climate is more sensitive to LGM forcing because ice sheets amplify extratropical cooling where feedbacks are destabilizing. Accounting for LGM pattern effects yields a median modern-day ECS of 2.4 degrees C, 66% range 1.7 degrees to 3.5 degrees C (1.4 degrees to 5.0 degrees C, 5 to 95%), from LGM evidence alone. Combining the LGM with other lines of evidence, the best estimate becomes 2.9 degrees C, 66% range 2.4 degrees to 3.5 degrees C (2.1 degrees to 4.1 degrees C, 5 to 95%), substantially narrowing uncertainty compared to recent assessments.