<p>Clinical features used in STREAM.</p>

Patients who spent less than 10% of their ICU stay within their expected state (state outliers) had ICU mortality of 37.6%, 16-fold higher than those who remained within their assigned states (2.3%). Mortality prediction achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.863 at 8 hours and 0.903 at 72 hours, with excellent calibration (expected calibration error of 0.002). External validation on MIMIC-IV maintained robust performance (0.798 and 0.857, respectively), with state outliers exhibiting 10-fold higher mortality (33.5% vs. 3.2%).

Feature importance analysis identified which laboratory values and vital signs are associated with movement toward higher-risk states, providing interpretable clinical explanations. STREAM provides transparent monitoring across data-derived physiological states, linking state dynamics with outcome prediction. Strong discrimination, calibration, and reproducibility across multicenter datasets support the method’s potential for prospective evaluation.</p></div>