Managing Environmental Degradation under Uncertainty: a Precautionary Environmental Deposit-refund Bonding System

A new approach is \"precautionary polluter pays principle\"(4P), which extends the polluter pays principle to make the polluter pays for uncertainty as well. This research uses the approach and incorporates the \"post-normal science\", \"safe minimum standard\", and \"transaction cost\" paradigms to discuss a precautionary environmental depositrefund bonding system in the management of environmental degradation under uncertainty.

In Addition, this study adopts attitude surveys to analyzes environment and debris-flow management attitudes with Wilcoxon-type and chi-square tests. Empirical results are as follows: The statistical tests indicate that environmental pollution control significant higher important than environmental risk and resource conservation, that risk reduction decision criteria is significant higher weight than other criterion, and that respondents preference of setting environmental standards over environmental taxes.

In terms of management satisfaction and intent, respondents fell dissatisfaction and consider should adopt more strict regulatory instruments than current regulating activities.