Table 1_Associations between pre-to-post TMS-evoked potential changes and motor sequence learning across retention intervals.docx

Single-pulse TMS-EEG was acquired before and after task performance over right M1 at each session. Four TEP components (N45, N100, P180, and N280) were analyzed. Day 1 training was associated with increases in PR and ACC, together with improved accuracy-adjusted efficiency, and slope dynamics remained broadly stable across later test sessions.

Acute pre-to-post right-M1 TEP changes were not associated with rapid within-session acquisition. Pre-to-post P180 TEP change showed a nominal association with subsequent efficiency change, with a stronger nominal pattern over the 24-h interval than over the 5-day interval. However, neither the P180 dTEP effect nor the Interval × dTEP interaction survived FDR correction, and both were sensitive to participant-level influence and bootstrap resampling.

These findings suggest that right-M1 TEP measures showed different relationships with rapid within-session acquisition and between-session performance change. Late P180 changes may be related to performance change across different retention intervals, but whether they reflect time-dependent consolidation processes remains to be established.</p>