Carbon dynamics of grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau simulated by Biome-BGCMuSo (1979-2018)

CO2: Elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentration. iv. CO2Clim: Combined CO₂ and climate change. v. Grazing: Changed grazing intensity. vi.

Overall: Integration of all drivers (CO₂, climate, grazing). vii. Prec: Changed Precipitation. viii. Temp: Changed Temperature. ix.

NO_Grazing: No grazing. • Variables: Each scenario outputs seven carbon-related variables: o Biomass: Above- and belowground live plant biomass (g C m⁻²). o LTRC: Litter carbon pool (g C m⁻²). o NPP: Net Primary Productivity (g C m⁻² yr⁻¹). o SOC: Soil organic carbon above 1 m soil depth (g C m⁻²). o TOTC: Total ecosystem carbon (sum of vegetation, litter, and soil) (g C m⁻²). o TOTSOC: Total soil carbon (including multiple soil layers if applicable) (g C m⁻²). o VEGC: Vegetation carbon (woody and non-woody components) (g C m⁻²).

Model-related grazing data: Name Description Units LargeLivestock_Inventory Large animal stock (cattle, horses, etc.) absolute number of animals per pixel LargeLivestock_Slaughter Large animal slaughter volumes absolute number of animals per pixel SheepGoat_Inventory Sheep & goat combined stock absolute number of animals per pixel SheepGoat_Slaughter Sheep & goat combined slaughter volumes absolute number of animals per pixel StockDensity_Winter Winter pasture stocking density head/km² (sheep-equivalent units) StockDensity_Summer Summer pasture stocking density head/km² (sheep-equivalent units) Seasonal pasture distribution Four composite classes: • Winter-Steppe • Winter-Meadow • Summer-Steppe • Summer-Meadow Temporal and Spatial Scope • Time Period: Simulations span 1979–2018 with annual resolution. • Geographic Coverage: Grasslands in the Tibetan Plateau.