Supplementary data for: What must be learned in advance

Within this sampled set, the literature is not organised by an assumption that language must be internalised before it may be used: 6 of 42 eligible texts were coded predominantly learn-first, none after 2016. The explicitly stated unaided criterion — assistance withdrawn for the criterion measure, or success defined as unaided output — appears in 5 of 42 texts, all before 2017, and was not observed in any sampled post-2016 text.

What accompanies its absence is not an argued alternative but non-statement: of 15 sampled texts published 2022–2026, 13 do not state whether assistance was available when performance was measured. These proportions are exploratory. We propose Point-of-Need Language Pedagogy, a decision procedure for making conditions of assistance explicit, and specify the validation study needed to establish prevalence.