Supplementary file 1_Land resource misallocation and rural household development resilience in China’s urban–rural transition.docx

The findings are as follows. (1) Land resource misallocation is robustly negatively associated with household development resilience; a one-unit increase in misallocation is associated with a 0.002-unit reduction in resilience, robust to instrumental variable estimation and multiple robustness checks. (2) Income diversity plays a partial mediating role, but its effect is paradoxical: land resource misallocation nominally increases the number of income sources, yet does so by displacing stable property and operating income with low-end precarious employment, creating a “false diversity” of more sources but lower quality that ultimately weakens rather than strengthens resilience.

(3) Environmental risk perception positively moderates this relationship; the negative association weakens as environmental risk perception rises, consistent with an interpretation of perception as cognitive adaptive capacity. (4) The negative association is more pronounced among households with higher education, higher dependency ratios, agricultural employment, and exclusion from land transfer markets. These findings highlight that land governance reforms must move beyond factor allocation efficiency to incorporate livelihood ability, food-access capacity, and household development resilience goals.</p>