Simulated microphysical properties of winter storms from bulk-type microphysics schemes and their evaluation in the Weather Research and Forecasting (v4.1.3) model during the ICE-POP 2018 field campaign

Eight snowstorm cases, which can be sub-categorized as cold-low, warm-low, and air-sea interaction cases are selected, depending on the synoptic environment during the International Collaborative Experiment for Pyeongchang Olympics and Paralympics (ICE-POP 2018) field campaign.

All simulations present a positive bias in the simulated surface precipitation for cold-low and warmlow cases. Furthermore, the simulations for the warm-low cases show a higher probability of detection score than simulations for the cold-low and air-sea interaction cases even though the simulations fail to capture the accurate transition layer for wind direction. WDM6 and WDM7 simulate abundant cloud ice for the cold-low and warm-low cases, and thus snow is mainly generated by aggregation.