Adaptive management of stochastic parasite challenge in animals under climate change

It is likely, therefore, that several species infect the host at any one time. Understanding the timing and epidemiology between coinfecting species is important, because: <br><br>•Coinfections affect parasite transmission, disease outcomes, longevity and treatment success. <br>•Farm managers have long relied on a predictable timetable, denoting the prevalence of parasites on their farms.

The occurrences of these parasites have, reportedly, become more unpredictable, in recent years, associated with the changing climate. <br><br>Chapter One reviews literature on parasite coinfections in ruminants, and other mammals, identifying ‘research gaps’ in the interactions between coinfecting parasite species. <br><br>Chapter Two observes parasite seasonality through repeated sampling and analysis of faeces from individual first-year grazing lambs. <br><br> Chapter Three examines statistical variations between groups of first-year grazing lambs.