Sustainable ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by ultra-high liquid chromatography coupled to ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of major and minor quinolizidine alkaloids in Retama monosperma (L.) Boiss seeds

Variations in the concentration of these analytes were observed depending on environmental conditions. Similarly, they showed different behaviour under the different mitigation processes tested. Anagyrine was the most affected by the hydrothermal mitigation treatment.

Heat treatment + soaking for several days probed to more effective in QA mitigation than just heat treatment. However, the mitigation procedures tested were not enough to reach a QA concentration safe for consumption. Thus, further research in mitigation strategies is needed to consider R. monosperma seeds as a safe protein-rich source for food and feed.