Robustness Optimization for Compact Free-electron Laser Driven by Laser Wakefield Accelerators

By employing Bayesian optimization techniques, the beamline was optimized to achieve sufficient tolerance against these fluctuations under actual experimental conditions. Start-to-end simulations revealed that this systematic optimization significantly reduces the system's sensitivity to parametric variations.

With the optimized configurations, the radiation energy can be maintained above 1 μJ at a wavelength of approximately 25 nm, even when accounting for twice the root-mean-square (RMS) ranges of these inherent jitters.