LHAASO spectral data

The multiwavelength and multimessenger study was based on the Fermi-LAT, Swift-XRT, Planck, CfA 12CO survey, and IceCube neutrino datasets. In the traveling-PWN modeling research, we assumed an isotropic and homogeneous diffusion condition and discussed the influence of diffusion coefficient, distance, and proper motion velocity. No counterparts are discovered in our multiwavelength and multimessenger study, except the two known pulsars.

The traveling-PWN modeling attempt with a single PWN appears implausible to explain the dumbbell-like structure, as the diffusion coefficient needs to be much lower than the Bohm limit. A double traveling-PWNe model is also explored and can account for the results of LHAASO-KM2A observation. However, the probability of occurrence of this explanation is significantly lower than that of a conventional triple PWNe explanation.

Furthermore, according to our model, the only known pulsar PSR J0218+4232 is unlikely to be associated with the dumbbell-like structure in an isotropic and homogeneous diffusion environment. The expected TeV emission of this pulsar is far from explaining even the eastern part of the structure.