Supplementary file 1_Efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.docx

Meta-analyses employed random-effects or fixed-effects models based on heterogeneity.</p>Results<p>Fourteen randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. The results demonstrated that MBIs significantly alleviated core ADHD symptoms in children (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -1.30; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) [-2.14, -0.45]; p = 0.003). However, the heterogeneity was considerably high (I² = 91%), and publication bias could not be excluded (as suggested by funnel plot/Egger’s test, if available).

Regarding neurocognitive functions, MBIs showed potential benefits in improving attention network function (SMD = 0.44; 95% CI [0.01, 0.87]; p = 0.04; I² = 88%) and executive function (SMD = 0.45; 95% CI [0.02, 0.88]; p = 0.04; I² = 84%), though the high heterogeneity (I² > 75%) and possible publication bias warrant cautious interpretation. No significant effects were observed on emotional problems, social problems, externalizing behavioral problems (including oppositional defiant, disruptive, and aggressive behaviors), or mindfulness skills.</p>Conclusions<p>This systematic review suggests that MBIs may improve core ADHD symptoms and neurocognitive functions (including attention and executive functions) in children and adolescents.

Yet, effects on emotional health, social relationships, externalizing behaviors, and mindfulness skills remain inconclusive. While suggesting that MBIs hold promise as a potential adjunctive intervention alongside standard treatments, significant heterogeneity underscores the need for further high-quality research to confirm these therapeutic benefits.</p>Systematic review registration<p>crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251171407, identifier CRD420251171407.</p>