Table 1_Peri-interventional neutrophil extracellular traps and immune surveillance in hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanisms, biomarkers, and recurrence after liver resection or thermal ablation.docx

These interventions transiently remodel the hepatic and treatment-bed immune microenvironment through overlapping but distinct processes, including tissue injury, vascular and coagulation activation, neutrophil recruitment, and, particularly during resection, hepatic ischemia-reperfusion. We organize the evidence using a peri-interventional two-component heuristic: chronic liver disease and tumor-associated inflammation may shape baseline susceptibility, whereas acute treatment injury may trigger intervention-specific neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) accumulation.

Experimental studies across liver-intervention and cross-cancer models link NETs to impaired CD8⁺ T-cell immunity, tumor-cell retention, extracellular-matrix remodeling, and metabolic adaptation. Patient-linked evidence remains limited and largely associative; much of the mechanistic framework therefore relies on colorectal liver metastasis and cross-cancer models. Translational studies should distinguish monitoring, pharmacodynamic, prognostic, and predictive applications and prioritize serial MPO–DNA as the best-supported circulating peri-interventional candidate, with NE–DNA or H3Cit-based measures as supportive assays and spatial validation where feasible.