Table 1_The effects of educational drama on students’ key competencies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.docx

Sensitivity analyses indicated that the pooled effects for communication and critical thinking remained statistically significant after the exclusion of studies reporting unusually large effect sizes, whereas the pooled effect for collaboration became non-significant after the exclusion of the study reporting the largest effect size. Overall, the available evidence suggests that educational drama may contribute to improvements in students’ creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration.

Nevertheless, these findings should be interpreted with caution because of the substantial heterogeneity, the influence of several studies reporting unusually large effect sizes, and the absence of formal, design-specific risk-of-bias assessments, such as RoB 2 and ROBINS-I. Future research employing more rigorous study designs and standardized risk-of-bias assessment procedures is needed to strengthen the evidence base.</p>Systematic Review Registration<p>Identifier INPLASY (INPLASY202640038).</p>