Supplementary file 1_Beyond the far-right umbrella: cultural-hierarchical radicalism and the legitimation of political violence across 64 countries.docx

Radicalism without violence legitimation accounts for 26.0%, bearing on sufficiency, which funnel models do not require. Religious importance is the strongest positive correlate of cultural-hierarchical radicalism but is negatively associated with violence legitimation without measured radicalism, a contrast that survives an index constructed without religious items. External validation further differentiates the two dimensions: merging an expert classification of far-right parties in nine European countries shows that far-right party choice is associated with the violence-legitimating configurations, but not with the cultural-hierarchical one, whose index omits the attributes on which the European far right is built.

The findings suggest that the “far-right” umbrella may conceal heterogeneity twice: among the organizations it classifies and among the attitudinal constituencies on which they draw.</p>