Supplementary file 1_Mucosal microbiota and intraepithelial lymphocyte remodeling link maternal immune activation to neuroimmune outcomes in female and male offspring.docx

Analysis of the mucosa-associated microbiome revealed parallel changes in ileal microbial community structure, including alterations in segmented filamentous bacteria and Lactobacillus. These mucosal alterations co-occurred with increased plasma IL-6 in both female and male offspring, while plasma IL-17 was selectively increased in females. In the PFC, MIA was associated with cytokine changes and divergent microglial morphological profiles, suggesting that prenatal immune challenge produces neuroimmune alterations that may differ in sex, timing, magnitude, or cellular expression.</p>Conclusions<p>Collectively, these findings identify the mucosa-associated microbiota-IEL interface as a previously underexplored component of MIA-induced immune remodeling.

Our study provides an integrated framework in which persistent ileal immune and microbial alterations co-occur with systemic inflammation and cortical neuroimmune changes in MIA offspring, supporting future mechanistic studies of gut–brain immune communication in neurodevelopmental disorders.</p>