Polar-Equatorial Geospace Ionospheric, Magnetic Storms, and Water Vapour Characterization For the Advancement of Space Weather Prediction ? A Malaysian Participation in ICESTAR Programme

The major objectives of this project are as follows: Main Objective To quantify and understand the similarities and differences of the lower and upper atmosphere, magnetic storms, and water vapour among the two Polar Regions and the equatorial region under varying influence of the solar electromagnetic radiation and the solar wind. Sub-objectives 1. To investigate the Interhemispheric conjugacy effects between the two Polar Regions. 2.

To characterize the ionospheric parameters (TEC, scintillation and variability), geomagnetic storms, and water vapour at Antarctica. 3. Ionospheric irregularity and scintillation effect on GPS signals at polar region during eclipses and geomagnetic storms. 4. Relationships between lower (Precipitable water vapor) and upper (total electron content) atmosphere at Antarctica based on GPS signal measurements.