The HMD Simulator: A Design Probe for Learning Complex Hardware-Software Phenomena in VR Optics

Conventional lecture materials often struggle to convey how parameters such as focal length and lens placement influence image perception. We built an accessible web-based HMD Simulator that lets users manipulate parameters and observe real-time effects on stereo image formation and frustum geometry.

Using the simulator as a design probe, we conducted an exploratory study (<i>n</i> = 16) with staff and students to compare experiences against conventional learning materials. Thematic analysis revealed that participants perceived interactivity as stimulating curiosity to tinker, while real-time feedback was reported to reduce perceived cognitive effort, facilitating deeper inquiry. Participants further emphasized how the simulator complemented rather than replaced conventional instruction, highlighting guided integration features as priority.