Attribution of Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) ozone radiative flux bias from satellites

However, observed TOA fluxes are hard to estimate as they exhibit considerable variability in space and time that depends on the distributions of clouds, ozone (O-3), water vapor (H2O), air temperature (T-a), and surface temperature (T-s). Benchmarking present-day fluxes and quantifying the relative influence of their drivers is the first step for estimating climate feedbacks from ozone radiative forcing and predicting radiative forcing evolution.