Supplementary file 1_Evaluation of biorational products in the management of cucumber mosaic viruses in tomato.docx

Treatments were applied weekly from transplanting up to seven weeks. Disease severity were recorded at 10-day intervals starting 21 days after transplanting, and CMV infection was confirmed using immunostrips. Across years, no consistent significant treatment effects on disease progression (AUDPC) were observed under net-house conditions.

However, AUDPC values were consistently lower in tomato plants grown in the insect-proof net-house compared to the open field, indicating reduced disease pressure due to vector exclusion. Under net-house conditions, treatments such as Privental, Nimbicidin, and Lentinan showed relatively lower AUDPC and moderate percent disease reduction (PDR), although differences were not statistically significant. In contrast, open-field conditions exhibited higher disease pressure.

Row cover resulted in the lowest AUDPC and highest PDR, achieving up to 47.40% disease reduction in 2024, and was the only treatment with a significant effect. Other treatments showed inconsistent performance across environments. These findings demonstrate that while biorational products provide limited suppression of CMV, physical exclusion of vectors is a more effective strategy for managing CMV in tomato.</p>