Data and code from: Using landscape genomics to define species distributions, delineate seed zones, and predict genomic offset to future climate for the interior spruce hybrid complex (<em>Picea glauca, Picea engelmannii</em>, and their hybrids

Both adaptive and neutral genetic variation showed similar patterns along climatic gradients, suggesting that population structure largely follows environmental clines. We delineated 11 seed zones based on genomic variation and climate relationships, achieving 88.2% concordance with previous genetic studies in defining species boundaries. Analysis of genetic offsets under future climate scenarios revealed potential risks of maladaptation, particularly in northern and eastern British Columbia.

These predictions were validated using fitness-related measurements from common-garden experiments, which showed negative correlations between genetic offsets and traits such as height and diameter at breast height (DBH). Maladaptation predictions based on genetic offsets showed some differences compared with common-garden-based assessments in several regions, offering new perspectives on population vulnerability. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of landscape genomics as a complementary approach to traditional methods for assessing climate adaptation in tree species.

Our findings provide a scientific foundation for climate-smart reforestation strategies and offer practical guidance for forest management in the context of climate change.