<p>IgG antibody binding across <i>P. vivax</i> invasion proteins: (A) Merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1, PVP01_0728900), (B) Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1, PVP01_0934200), (C) TRAg38 (PVP01_0503600), (D) TRAg36 (PVP01_0000140), (E) TRAg36.6/32 (PVP01_0000170), (F) ETRAMP11.2 (PVP01_0422600), (G) Duffy binding protein 2 (DBP2, PVP01_0102300), (H) Duffy binding protein (DBP, PVP01_0623800) and (I) GPI-anchored micronemal protein (GAMA, PVP01_0505600).</p>

The green bars indicate regions of the protein known to be associated with RBC binding, while purple bars indicate binding locations of human antibodies with functional anti-parasite activity, colored by specific epitope. “*” denotes the location of DBP residues which resulted in loss of function in a rosetting assay after mutagenesis. The plot on the upper right displays the predicted 3D structures (based on AlphaFold), with the N- and C-terminus indicated and the antigenic segments represented in red and orange.

The plot on the lower right displays the associated confidence intervals acquired from the AlphaFold prediction, with blue indicating high confidence and red indicating low confidence.</p>