Data Sheet 1_A preliminary palynological and magnetic susceptibility record from the southern Sanjiang Plain, NE China: implications for orbital-scale monsoon variability since the Middle Pleistocene.docx

These alternating patterns broadly correspond to glacial-interglacial cycles, Marine Isotope Stages, Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, and global sea-level fluctuations, indicating that orbital-scale forcing of the East Asian summer monsoon was the primary driver of regional climate change. Notably, after the Mid-Pleistocene Transition glacial (cold-dry) phases became markedly longer and more stable, suggesting an enhanced positive feedback of high-latitude ice-sheet expansion and Tibetan Plateau uplift on the East Asian winter monsoon.

This record provides new regional evidence for understanding orbital-scale monsoon dynamics and its sensitivity to high-latitude forcing since the middle Pleistocene.</p>