Datasets for each Outcome Category

If information was missing, study authors were contacted with up to four follow-up Emails.We calculated standardised effect sizes for intermediate outcomes and distal outcomes. Standardised effect sizes are scale-free and provide comparable information about the magnitude and direction of each effect and can thus be aggregated across studies.

For continuous outcome measures, standardised mean differences (SMDs) were calculated. To adjust for potential bias from small sample sizes, we used Hedges’ g correction for all effect sizes. For outcomes that were measured on a continuous scale in some studies and dichotomised in other studies (e.g. increases in saving amounts), we transformed odds ratios into SMDs and used Hedges’ g correction as described above.