Data Sheet 3_Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic ecotoxicity assessment of earthworms exposed to ZnO and Mn-doped ZnO nanomaterials.csv

Genes upregulated after 2 days of exposure to ZnO:Mn were linked to GO terms associated with microtubule-based structures mediating cellular motility. Downregulated genes were enriched to GO terms among which several were related to energy metabolism. For earthworms exposed to ZnO:Mn and MnCl₂ for 14 days, few DEGs were involved in GO terms related to diverse biological implications.

Aligning with the limited number of GO terms observed, metabolomic disruptions only included increased glutamate and a tendency for increased aspartate in response to MnCl₂ and ZnO:Mn exposure for 14 days, respectively. Other amino acids and the oxidized-to-reduced glutathione ratio, an indicator of oxidative stress, were not affected. In summary, exposing earthworms to ZnO and ZnO:Mn nanomaterials induced a transient response in differential gene expression related to muscle biology, energy metabolism, and translation, which largely disappeared after 14 days.

Combined with minimal metabolomic changes, these findings do not point to substantial long-term ecotoxic effects.</p>