Data Sheet 1_Climate and forest form divergences amplify spatiotemporal heterogeneity and environmental inequity in China’s forest cooling services.docx

However, given the nation’s vast geographic expanse, the cooling services of Urban Forests (UF) exhibit significant spatial heterogeneity. Neglecting human-centric perspectives and environmental justice may exacerbate gaps in cooling services and lead to inequitable distribution of environmental benefits.</p>Methods<p>This study investigates 368 Chinese cities using the GTNNWR model to quantify three core indicators: Cooling Efficiency (CE), Cooling Capacity (CC), and Cooling Benefit (CB).

We systematically explore the spatiotemporal heterogeneity, driving mechanisms, and equity evolution of cooling services.</p>Results<p>The results indicate that: (1) UF demonstrate a pronounced cooling effect with an average CE of 3.61, implying that for every one-standard-unit increase in the UFCI, the LST decreases by 3.61°C; however, the average CC (0.55) and CB (0.33) remain relatively low (CC and CB are both dimensionless).