Emerging regulatory networks and multimodal intervention targeting the gut-bone axis

The review also discusses two less-explored but promising approaches: traditional Chinese medicine and bioengineered materials. Both approaches demonstrate potential in restoring bone homeostasis by engaging in GM interactions. In addition, gut-bone axis-based interventions have made initial progress in clinical randomized controlled trials of bone diseases.

Although preclinical findings are encouraging, translating them into clinical applications is challenging because of individual variability in microbiota composition, limited mechanistic insight, and the need for long-term safety data. By integrating cross-disciplinary findings, the present review sets the stage for advancing the gut-bone axis as a therapeutic target and outlines future directions for research and clinical intervention in bone metabolic diseases.