Table 1_Prenatal n–3 LC-PUFA intake and the incidence of allergic diseases in offspring: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.docx

The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach.</p>Results<p>Eight prospective cohort studies and eight RCTs were included. Cohort studies indicated that prenatal n–3 LC-PUFA intake was significantly associated with a lower risk of overall allergic diseases (RR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.82–0.95, p < 0.001) and asthma (RR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68–0.96, p = 0.02). RCTs demonstrated a significant reduction in the risk of egg allergy (RR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.28–0.80, p = 0.006) and other specific allergic conditions, with a lower risk observed among European populations (RR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.60–0.96, p = 0.02).</p>Conclusion<p>Prenatal n–3 LC-PUFA intake may be associated with a lower risk of allergic diseases in offspring, particularly asthma and egg allergy, and may confer population-specific benefits, especially in European populations.

Further high-quality studies are needed to confirm these findings and clarify their implications for prenatal nutritional guidance.</p>Systematic review registration<p>crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD420251237192, Identifier: CRD420251237192.</p>